Appendix ΙΙ: Indicators

Number of publications

The number of scientific publications is calculated on the basis of:

An indication of the volume of research output for:  

• country total.

• Greece.

• institution category.

• each institution category.

• scientific field.

• each scientific field.     

• institution.

• each institution.

Share of publications (%)

It is calculated as a percentage of:

An indication for the participation of:

• Greek publications in relation to EU and OECD publications.

• Greece within all EU and OECD publications.

• publications per institution category in relation to the total number of Greek publications.

•  each institution category within all Greek publications. 

• publications falling under one scientific field in relation to the total number of Greek publications.

• each scientific field within all scientific fields. 

• publications issued by an institution in relation to the total number of publications in the same category of institutions.

• each institution within the category it belongs to.

Percentage of cited publications (%)

The percentage of publications that have received at least one citation. It is calculated using overlapping 5-year periods for the following units of analysis:

An indication for the levels of visibility / recognition of scientific publications produced by:

• country total.

• Greece.

• institution category.

• each institution category.

• institution.

• each institution.

Number of citations

The number of citations within a specific time period to articles published by the analysed unit during the same time period. It is calculated using overlapping 5-year periods on the following levels: 

An indication of the influence and visibility of scientific publications produced by:

• country total.

• Greece.

• institution category.

• each institution category.

• scientific field.

• each scientific field.  

• institution.

• each institution.

Share of citations (%)

It is calculated using overlapping 5-year periods as the percentage of citations received by the publications of:

An indication for the influence and visibility of:

• Greece in relation to the number of citations that EU and OECD’s publications received.

• Greece within the EU and OECD.

• citations in one institution category  in relation to the total number of citations for Greek publications.

• each institution category within Greece. 

• citations found in each scientific field in relation to the total number of citations for Greek publications.

• each scientific field within all scientific fields.

• citations in each institution in relation to the total number of citations for the category of institutions.

• each institution within the category it belongs to.

Citation impact

The citation impact is the average number of citations per publication and is calculated as the ratio of the number of citations recorded for a specific time period to the total number of publications of the same time period. Calculations have been performed using overlapping 5-year periods.

As this indicator does not take into account the variations of citation practices within the different scientific fields, it was only used for the calculation of the citation impact of all Greek scientific publications.

An indication for the impact of publications.

Relative citation impact

The relative citation impact compares the citations to publications per unit of analysis [e.g. Greece] in relation to the citations to publications within a certain frame of reference [e.g. the EU countries]. It is calculated as the ratio of the corresponding citation impacts.

When the value of the relative citation impact is greater than 1, the publications of the analysed unit have a greater impact than those within the reference frame. The indicator does not take into account the variations of citation practices within the different scientific fields.

In this study the relative citation impact was only used to establish Greece's place amongst the member countries of the EU and the OECD and was calculated as the ratio of the citation impact for all Greek publications to the citation impact for the countries of the EU and the OECD.

With reference to all Greek publications in all scientific fields, comparison can be made between the impact of Greek publications and those of EU and OECD publications. 
 

Field normalised citation score

(abv: citation score) 

This indicator expresses the citation impact normalised according to subject field. It  compares the average number of citations to the publications of an analysed unit to the average number of citations to international publications from the same year, in the same research field.

The Field Normalised Citation Score or citation score is the key indicator used in this study to estimate the impact of the publications of an analyzed unit in relation to world. It was calculated using  software particularly developed by EKT. The specific software permitted normalisation of the citation values on an individual article level on the basis of the distribution of publications over the 329 subject fields designated by Scopus.

When the value of the citation score is greater than 1, the publications of the analysed unit have a greater impact than the world average.

In the study citation scores were calculated after normalisation for:

An indication for the impact of publications taking into account differences in citation practices across scientific fields. The impact of publications relative to world is derived for:

• the sum of Greek publications.

• Greece.

• Greek publications by scientific field.

• Greece within the 6 major scientific fields.

• the sum of publications for an institution category.

• each institution category.

  .

• the publications for an institution category by scientific field.

• each institution category within the 6 major scientific fields.

• the sum of publications for an institution.

• each institution.

• publications of an institution by scientific field.

• each institution within the 6 major scientific fields.